| Technical
Notes: Food Balance
Sheet of the Philippines
I. Sources
of Basic Data
The compilation of the Food Balance Sheet
requires basic data on production, stocks, foreign trade,
domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances
and population which were obtained from the results of censuses,
household and establishment surveys, administrative reports
of government agencies and special studies conducted by various
research institutions.
1. Production
1.1 Food Crops: The production
data of palay and corn were obtained from the quarterly Palay
and Corn Production Survey of the BAS. Except sugarcane and
coconut, production data for other crops such as roots and
tubers, pulses and nuts, vegetables and fruits were generated
through a rider to the BAS Palay and Corn Production Survey.
These data were supplemented with the data from BAS quarterly
monitoring of major producing provinces through the conduct
of field interviews of key farmers and ocular inspection in
the area.
The Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA)
provided data on centrifugal sugar based on the monthly reports
of sugar centrals, while the BAS provided production data
in terms of panocha and muscovado. Both data sets were used
to estimate the production of sugarcane products using the
available parameters. On the other hand, the Philippine Coconut
Authority provided data on coconut production in terms of
copra based on the monthly reports of its provincial field
offices. For food crops not included in the BAS surveys, production
was estimated using parameters based on the results of the
1991 Census of Agriculture and Fisheries conducted by the
National Statistics Office (NSO).
1.2 Livestock and Poultry Including
Milk and Eggs: For livestock and poultry animals,
production data including the production of milk and eggs
were taken from the BAS Survey of Backyard Livestock and Poultry
Farms (BLPS) and Survey of Commercial Livestock and Poultry
Farms(CLPS). Data used include the inventory of animals and
production of milk and eggs which were disaggregated for all
types of animals such as carabao, cattle, hogs, goat, chicken
and ducks. For other animals not covered by BAS surveys, estimates
of production including milk and egg production were obtained
using parameters derived from the 1991 Census of Agriculture
and Fisheries.
1.3 Fish and Other Marine Products:
For fish and other marine products, production data
were sourced from the quarterly fishery surveys of the BAS
such as the Survey of Commercial Fish Landing Centers, Survey
of Municipal Fish Landing Centers, and Survey of Aquaculture
Farms. The above surveys provided data on total fish production
including the production of other marine products such as
crustaceans, mollusks, and other seafoods like seaweeds, sea
urchins, etc.
1.4 Processed Food Commodities: The
Census of Establishments (CE) and the Annual Survey of Establishments
(ASE) were the primary sources of data for processed food
commodities such as wheat flour, cassava flour and starch,
processed vegetables, processed fruits, fats and oil and other
miscellaneous foods. The 1988 and 1994 CE provided the baseline
data while the ASE provided the annual data to estimate production.
The data used from the CE/ASE include value of products sold
and the value of inventory for each commodity. To derive the
volume of production, the producer's price of each commodity
from the Monthly Producer's Price Survey of the NSO were used.
For some food commodities such as rice, corn
grits and other food preparations, other data sources include
the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB),
Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) and the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST).
2. Stocks: Stock data on
palay, rice and corn were obtained from the Palay and Corn
Household Stock Survey of the BAS and from the regular monitoring
system of commercial and government stocks of the National
Food Authority (NFA).
3. Foreign Trade: Data on
the volume of merchandise exports and imports of each food
commodity were obtained from the Foreign Trade Statistics
compiled by the NSO. These data were from customs manifests,
a document being accomplished by exporters and importers as
a requirement of the Bureau of Customs for clearance.
4. Domestic Utilization: Data
on domestic utilization such as feeds, seeds, waste, processed
for food and non-food were obtained using parameters from
special surveys and studies conducted by the BAS, other research
institutions such as the UPLB, FNRI and DOST. The Input-Output
Survey of Establishments of the NSO (Annex 1) also provided
other data inputs.
5. Nutrient Values: The
nutrient values in terms of energy, protein and fats for each
food item measured per 100 grams in retail weight of "as
purchased basis (Annex 2)" were obtained from the 1987
Food Composition Tables on Mean One-Day Capita Food Intake
generated by the FNRI (Annex 2).
6. Recommended Dietary Allowance:
The FNRI through its Food Consumption Survey provided
the recommended dietary allowance disaggregated by food commodity
and by major food group.
7. Population: The mid-year
population estimates of the Households Statistics Department
of the NSO based on the 1990 Census of Population and Housing
(CPH) were used for the estimation of the per capita food
supply and the per capita food nutrient to make it comparable
with the previous years' estimates. The population data from
the 1995 Census of Population will be reflected in the next
publication in time for the plan to revise the link series
that will cover the years 1992 to 1999.
II. Estimation
Methodology
1. Total Domestic Supply (TDS)
TDS
= Production - Changes in Stocks
+ Net Imports
This represents the quantity of food supplies
available before disposal to non-food and food uses. It is
obtained by adding the change in stocks, if the sign is minus
and subtracting it, if the sign is plus, from production,
plus net imports (i.e. imports less exports).
1.1 Production
1.1.1. Unprocessed Food Commodities
a) From BAS surveys: The
BAS production estimates of unprocessed food commodities such
as palay, corn, roots and tubers, vegetables and fruits, livestock
and poultry including milk and egg production, fish and marine
products were used.
For other pulses and nuts, the production
estimate were derived using the trends of local production,
imports and exports of commodities under pulses and nuts.
b) From NSO's Census of Agriculture
and Fisheries: The 1991 Census of Agriculture and
Fisheries (CAF) of the NSO provided the baseline data for
the adjustment of the BAS data on organ meat and edible offals
to account for other meat and products. The CAF provided data
on the number of horse and other livestock to which a ratio
was applied to derive the meat equivalent. The ratio was based
on the study of BAS and BAI.
1.1.2. Processed Food Commodities
Production estimates of the following processed
food commodities were derived by applying appropriate parameters
taken from special studies:
a) rice production was
estimated by applying a milling recovery rate of 65.4 percent
to the total palay production after deducting the estimated
amount for seed, feed and waste;
b) corn grits production
was estimated by applying a milling recovery rate of 68
percent to the total corn shelled production after deducting
allowances for seed, feed, wastage and manufacture for food
and non-food;
c) cassava starch production
was arrived at by applying an extraction ratio of 20 percent
to the total cassava production used for non-food purposes;
d) shelled peanut production
was estimated by applying a 70 percent extraction rate to
the total unshelled peanut production;
e) processed vegetables
and fruits in forms such as canned, dried, juice including
other type of food preparations, production estimates were
arrived at using the available CE/ASE data on the value
of products sold plus the value of the change in inventory,
divided by the corresponding price per unit;
f) for livestock and poultry
meat production, a dressing percentage which vary by type
of animal, was applied to the total number of animals slaughtered.
The estimates of total weight of extremities and internal
organs of animals such as head, feet and tail, intestines,
blood, liver, heart, etc. were estimated based on results
of special studies from UPLB and BAI (Annex 4); and
g) for fats, oil, and
miscellaneous food commodities, production was estimated
by getting the average of the value of output derived using
the regression analysis, geometric growth rate and simple
average growth rates based on the value of output culled
from the CE/ASE publication of the NSO. The estimated value
of output for each commodity was deflated using the corresponding
producer's price also from the NSO.
1.2 Changes in Stocks
Changes in Stocks
= Ending Stocks - Beginning Stocks
The estimates of stocks were carried out
for selected commodities to the extent that data are available.
This FBS compilation covered estimates of stocks for rice,
corn and centrifugal sugar. These estimates served as an adjustment
to the reported estimates of total production.
1.3 Net Imports
Net Imports
= Total Imports - Total Exports
Data on exports and imports of commodities
in terms of quantity (in net kilo equivalent) were sourced
from the foreign trade statistics of the NSO. Data for these
commodities were aggregated by major food group following
the FBS classification. Appropriate conversion factors were
then applied to ensure that commodities exported and/or imported
are consistently parallel with the production data. Net imports
were estimated by deducting from the total imports the total
exports of each commodity.
2. Total Domestic Utilization (TDU)
TDU
= net available food supply + non-food
utilization + processed for food
The net available food supply represents
the total amount of food available for consumption while non-food
utilization refers to a part of total domestic utilization
which is used for seed, feed, processed for non-food including
the amount wasted.
2.1 Net Available Food Supply: The
net available food supply was obtained by deducting from the
total domestic supply of food commodities the total amount
for allowances for non-food utilization and processed for
food. The amount derived represents the actual quantity of
food in the retail stage or "as purchased basis".
2.2 Non-Food Utilization: Estimates
of non-food utilization such as seed, feed, processed for
non-food and waste made use of parameters available from BAS,
UPLB, NSO, FNRI and DOST. These were separately estimated
as follows:
2.2.1 feed, which refers to the amount of
food for animals, was estimated by applying appropriate parameters
to the reported total production of certain food crops;
2.2.2 seed, which refers to the quantity
of food crops used as seeds or planting materials, was estimated
by applying the recommended seeding allowance per hectare
by type of crop;
2.2.3 processed for non-food, which refers
to the quantity of food crops converted into non-food commodities
for industrial and manufacturing purposes were estimated using
the available parameters as shown in Annex 1; and
2.2.4 waste, which refers to the amount of
losses that occur during harvesting, infestations, spoilage,
storage, distribution, etc., was estimated by applying the
required wastage parameters to the total estimate of production
or total domestic supply.
2.3 Processed for Food refers to the quantity
of food crops which are further processed into other form
of food commodities.
3. Per Capita Food Supply
3.1 Annual Per Capita Food Supply
(in kilograms): The annual per capita food supply
in kilograms was estimated by dividing the net available food
supply by the estimated mid-year population multiplied by
1,000.
3.2 Daily Per Capita Food Supply
(in grams): The daily per capita food supply in grams
was estimated by dividing the annual per capita food supply
by 365 days multiplied by 1,000.
4. Nutrient Supply: The
nutrient equivalent of the food supply in terms of energy,
protein and fats were computed by multiplying the daily per
capita food supply in grams by the corresponding nutrient
values per 100 grams of the retail weight or "as purchased
basis". Further adjustments based on the FNRI Nutrition
Survey were made for some commodities from "as purchased
basis" into "edible portion" to account for
the amount of wastage at the household level. The adjusted
values represent the net edible portion of the food supply
in terms of energy, protein or fats equivalent.
5. Food Sufficiency: Food
sufficiency is a measure of the adequacy of available food
supply to meet the food requirements of the population. Expressed
in percentage, it is computed by dividing the available supply
for daily consumption by the recommended dietary allowance
multiplied by 100.
Sufficiency value greater than 100 percent
indicates that the available food supply is more than adequate
to meet the food requirement of the populace while a value
less than 100 percent indicates otherwise.
6. Computing for the Average (Annual)
Growth Rates
The annual average growth rate is a measure
of the annual rate of growth of a characteristic which is
based on the compounded interest rate concept. It is computed
using the following formula:
Where: g = average annual
growth rate; xt = value of the characteristic
at time t;
xo = value of the characteristic at the start of
the reference period;
t = years elapsed since the start up to the
end of the reference period
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