NSCB - Statistically Speaking... SAVE OUR CHILDREN! by Dr. Romulo A. Virola

SAVE OUR CHILDREN!

For many of our children, (grandchildren in case of many friends whose years even those expensive diamond peel treatments or glutathione injectables can not hide much longer), it’s school opening time once again. Hopefully, many of these children looked forward to their first day of classes and will have fun. But, we should all know that there are many children out there who, instead of being in school are elsewhere, possibly working to help their parents earn their living or heaven forbid, wasting their young lives away engaging in activities that children should not even know about.

As I have written in the past, education statistics² trumpet all too clearly the systematic deterioration of our human capital. Cohort survival rates, enrolment rates and performance in internationally monitored tests in mathematics and sciences are disheartening to say the least. Yes, we have lost much of the comparative advantage that our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal recognized when he called our youth the hope of the fatherland. Our future has been compromised and before it becomes too late, let us all agree that it is time for ACTION! Calling, Calling then the Council for the Welfare of Children!

Three weeks ago, I was in Bangkok attending a Social Policy Workshop that dwelt on the Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities Project³upon the invitation of Marinus Gotink and Wilfredo G. Nuqui, Chiefs of the Health and Nutrition Section and Social Policy and Local Development Section, respectively, of UNICEF Manila. Willy always brims with things to do and on the sides of the workshop he would suggest to Tito Rodriguez, Social Policy Specialist, also of UNICEF Manila and myself, various areas of possible collaboration between NSCB and UNICEF. One of the things Willy suggested was the generation of a Child Development Index.

My co-author of this article made a presentation⁴during the International Conference on Rethinking Poverty: Making Policies Work for Children in New York on 21-23, April, 2008 and during the 2008 National and Local Social Policy Workshop in Fontana, Pampanga on 2-4 June 2008. Some disturbing statistics highlighted in Jessa’s presentations are the following:

Children had higher poverty incidence than the general population in 2000 and 2003.⁵ For every 100 individuals about 33 were poor in 2000 and about 30 in 2003. In the case of children the numbers are 43 and 39, respectively (Table 1).
More than half of the poor are children – 14 out of 26 in 2000 and 14 out of 24 in 2003 (Table 1 and Figure 1).
At the provincial level, Maguindanao registered the highest poverty incidence among children in 2000, with 82 out of 100 children found to be poor (Table 2).
Among the 10 provinces with highest poverty incidence among children in 2000, five are included in the list of 10 poorest provinces, i.e., Maguindanao, Agusan del Sur, Sulu, Masbate, and Camarines Norte (Table 2).
In terms of the priority provinces⁶ covered by the Sixth Country Programme for Children (CPC 6) implemented by UNICEF, only half are included in the list of 20 provinces with the highest poverty incidence among children, i.e., Maguindanao, Agusan del Sur, Sulu, Masbate, Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat, Mt. Province, North Cotabato, Negros Oriental, and Northern Samar (Table 2). Could CPC 6 have missed something somewhere? Why?
Other observed patterns on the poverty situation among children:

6.1 The poor children are found more in households with larger family sizes. Almost 7 out of 10 children in households with family size of at least 10 are poor (Table 3 and Figure 2);

6.2 In all regions, poverty incidence among boys is slightly higher compared to girls (Table 4); and

6.3 Among children 12-18 years of age with no education (no grade completed), poverty incidence is highest in ARMM, Region XII, and Caraga and lowest in the National Capital Region (NCR) and Regions I and III (Figure 3). That there are nonpoor families where 12-18 year-old children have had no education could indicate, very sadly indeed, that these children might in fact be working to take the family out of poverty, instead of going to school.

Quite clearly, our children need urgent attention. Indeed, it is imperative that our development agenda prioritize policies and programs geared towards the development of our children. It is easy to say that yes, we are taking measures to make sure that the needs of our children are adequately addressed. But what have we got to show for these measures? How do we know if and how can we prove that indeed, we are making progress? To answer these questions, we need statistics! Sound statistics!

More than ten years ago when the NSCB was tasked to collaborate in the compilation of provincial Human Development Index or HDI⁷ with the Human Development Network (HDN), whose mother (grandmother actually), is the indomitable Mareng Winnie, I had proposed to projectize with UNICEF the compilation of a Child Development Index or CDI. At that time, UNICEF did not seem interested and I am just too happy to pursue our interest on the CDI with UNICEF at this time when it has become all too obvious that our children are at risk! In 2000, we had estimated that 43 out of 100 children were poor or a total of 14,093,102 poor children⁸. In 2003, things got better with the numbers going down to 39 out of a hundred or a total of 13,469, 849 poor children. Child poverty incidence is highest in Caraga and ARMM but the largest concentration of poor children is in Region V with 1.4 million poor children, Region VI with 1.3 million and Region IV-A with 1.1 million (Table 1). Unfortunately, these statistics have not been updated to 2006⁹ because the NSO has not yet released the 2006 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) and the January 2007 round of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) Public Use Files in the appropriate format.

In the meantime, we have come up with a measure closely aligned with the HDI but constrained by the availability of supporting data. Like the HDI, our preliminary CDI, called CDI 1 consists of three dimensions of child development: health, knowledge, and capacity. They are measured through a Health Index (HI 1), Education Index (EI), and Quantity of Life Index (QOLI). Variables considered are infant mortality rate and child mortality rate for HI 1, elementary net enrolment rate and secondary net enrolment rate for EI, and child poverty incidence for QOLI¹⁰. CDI 1 is simply the equal-weighted average of HI 1, EI, and QOLI.

To inject a rights-based approach to the CDI, we formulated a second CDI, called CDI 2 that includes some additional variables that measure the accountability of the dutybearers. Unfortunately, due to data and time constraints we are able to do this only for the HI, accounting for the percentage of immunized children 9-11 months and the percentage of pregnant women with 3 or more pre-natal visits, and producing a Health Index referred to as HI 2.

We would have wanted the CDI to also capture the family upbringing of the child, knowing that family seems to be the most important source of happiness for Pinoys.¹¹Not only that, the Filipino diaspora has incurred possibly long term social damage to the family life of children who have been left by parents to work abroad. This social cost of the OFW phenomenon has not been measured and should definitely be captured by a CDI. Unfortunately, we do not know of any available data on this.

Brazil has a similar measure, also called the CDI, targeted towards children in the first six years of life, which are considered to be the formative years of their cognitive, emotional and social skills and their physical development. Given this perspective, Brazil’s CDI incorporates variables relating to: 1) supply of health services (i.e., vaccination coverage among children below one year of age – diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DTP) and tetramune and percentage of mothers with adequate pre-natal coverage); 2) supply of education services (i.e., gross preschool enrolment rates); and 3) care and protection that the family provides for children in their early years (i.e., percentage of children below the age of six years living with mothers and fathers that have low schooling levels)¹².

Certainly, we will continue to work on improving the validity and comprehensiveness of the CDI 1 and CDI 2. We will try to make it more rights-based to hold the dutybearers accountable in saving our children. And with the support of UNICEF, we hope to be able to produce provincial and even municipal level CDIs. Certainly too, we hope policymakers, decision-makers including legislators and local government unit (LGU) executives will find the CDI useful and actually use it. Wishful thinking, some may say, but we must continue to dream.

Anyway, here are some highlights of the preliminary Child Development Index:

CDI 1 showed a slight deterioration between 2000 and 2003 from 0.779 to 0.777. If we are to follow the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) classification¹³, this is a “medium” rate of development. But CAR, ARMM, Regions 12, 7, 3, 10 and 5 showed improvements (Table 5).
The two child-poorest regions of ARMM and Caraga have consistently showed poor performances in the CDI, while the NCR, Regions III and IV-A have consistently posted high levels of development among their children (Table 5).
Gains were observed in HI 1 (i.e., from 0.972 in 2000 to 0.979 in 2003) (Table 6) and QOLI (i.e., from 0.575 to 0.612) (Table 8), but a large drop in EI was observed from 0.790 in 2000 down to 0.739 in 2003 (Table 7)! The trend of the Education Index over the three-year period clearly indicates a definitive deterioration in the quality of human capital of the country.
All regions improved their HI 1 except for Regions IVB and VI. Likewise, all regions improved their QOLI except for Regions IVA, IX, XI and Caraga. However, all regions deteriorated in the EI except for CAR and ARMM (Tables 6, 7, and 8).
Injecting a rights-based approach to the CDI generated a CDI 2 lower than CDI 1 by 0.036 and 0.040 point in 2000 and 2003, respectively (Table 9). This could be an indication that our dutybearers are not doing enough, in fact, are not possibly being helpful in the development of our children.
With the addition of rights-based indicators such as immunization of infants and pre-natal care of pregnant women, HI 2 was lower than the HI 1 by 0.108 and 0.120 point in 2000 and 2003, respectively (Tables 6 and 10).

Not really good news, these statistics are, but even if we are in “a period of great wealth destruction” as George Soros and his theory of reflexivity would say, all is not lost! In the 2005-2006 National Achievement Test (NAT) for second year high school students, three national high schools from fifth class municipalities in Southern Leyte were tops: Rizal National High School, Marayag National High School and Pintuyan National High School¹⁴. In fact, in the 2006-2007 NAT, among all divisions, Southern Leyte was No. 1 for elementary level (Grade VI) and No. 3 for secondary (Second Year) level (Table 11). Knowing that the 2005-2006 exams were given just a week after the Ginsaugon landslide disaster and that Southern Leyte was only 26th richest among 79 provinces in 2006¹⁵, the performance of their kids should surely serve as a source of inspiration for everyone, especially our educators. Indeed, if one tries hard enough, could success be far behind? To save our children, no solomonic decision is required. Political will, genuine concern and love for our children are all it takes! Ask the superintendents, principals and teachers, and the marvelous kids and parents of these schools from Southern Leyte! Notwithstanding the threat of a $200 per barrel oil bomb therefore, let us continue to hope. But work we must!

And so, as we celebrate our 110th year of Independence, we declare Mabuhay ang Pilipinas, Mabuhay ang Pilipino! Mabuhay ang ating Kabataan! Shout it, believe it, live it!

Reactions and views are welcome thru email to the authors at ra.virola@nscb.gov.ph or jo.encarnacion@nscb.gov.ph

_______________
¹ Secretary General of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) and Chairman of the Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC). He holds a Ph. D. in Statistics from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, U.S.A. and has taught mathematics and statistics at the University of the Philippines. He is also a past president of the Philippine Statistical Association. This article is co-written by Jessamyn O. Encarnacion, Chief of the Social Sectors B Division of the NSCB. The authors thank Bernadette B. Balamban, Mildred B. Addawe, Noel S. Nepomuceno, Debbie Ann P. Sarmiento, Cynthia S. Regalado, Simonette A. Nisperos and Candido J. Astrologo, Jr. for the assistance in the preparation of the article.

² Statistically Speaking, 13 November 2006, 8 January 2007, http://www.nscb.gov.ph.

³ The Philippines has just been added to the list of 40 countries participating in the project. The NSCB has agreed to be responsible for the Statistical Template of the project. Other participating countries from the East Asia and the Pacific Region are Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

⁴ Statistics on Children in Poverty: Towards Informed Decisions for Poverty Alleviation by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O. Encarnacion and Bernadette B. Balamban.

⁵ Updates to 2006 have not been estimated due to the unavailability of the appropriate 2006 FIES Public Use Files.

⁶ CPC 6 covers 24 cities and provinces but there are no available child poverty estimates for four cities: Quezon City, Pasay City, Cebu City, and Davao City

⁷ Per Memorandum of Understanding between the NSCB and HDN signed on 19 May 1997. The provincial HDI is patterned after the HDI of the UNDP.

⁸ Statistically Speaking, 13 June 2006, http://www.nscb.gov.ph/headlines/StatsSpeak/061306_rav_children.asp

⁹ The most recent Family Income and Expenditures Survey conducted by the NSO is for 2006.

¹⁰ Values set as maximum or minimum for the variables have been set at theoretical levels. For instance, maximum infant mortality rate is 1000 per thousand while minimum is 0 per thousand. In refining the CDI, a value much less than 1000 per thousand infant mortality rate may have to be used. This will affect the value of the health sub-index HI and the overall CDI.

¹¹ Virola Romulo A. & Jessamyn O. Encarnacion, Measuring Progress of Philippine Society: Gross National Product or Gross National Happiness? , 10th National Convention on Statistics, EDSA Shangri-La Hotel, October 1-2, 2007. Also, Statistically Speaking, 08 October 2007, http://www.nscb.gov.ph

¹² Source: The State of Brazils’ Children 2006, The Child Development Index

¹³ High – 0.80 to 1.0; Medium – 0.50 to 0.79; Low – 0.0 to 0.49

¹⁴ Source: Impact Stories: Philippines, Asian Development Bank, 2008.

¹⁵ http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/2006_05mar08/table_24.asp

Posted 10 June 2008.

Table 1. Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Children and All Population,
by Region: 2000 and 2003

	2000						2003
	Children			All population			Children			All population
	Poverty Incidence	Magnitude of Poor	Coefficient of Variation	Poverty Incidence	Magnitude of Poor	Coefficient of Variation	Poverty Incidence	Magnitude of Poor	Coefficient of Variation	Poverty Incidence	Magnitude of Poor	Magnitude of Poor
Philippines	42.5	14,093,102	1.7	33.0	25,472,782	1.5	38.8	13,469,849	1.2	30.0	23,836,104	1.2

NCR	13.8	511,714	9.3	7.8	860,934	8.1	10.9	459,227	8.9	6.9	742,549	8.9
Region I	43.6	760,135	8.0	35.3	1,452,222	5.5	39.5	691,595	5.2	30.2	1,262,799	5.2
Region II	34.1	423,822	9.1	30.4	821,294	7.8	32.0	365,774	5.1	24.5	659,666	5.1
Region III	26.7	907,557	6.9	21.4	1,695,227	5.7	24.5	894,129	5.9	17.5	1,535,784	5.9
Region IVA	24.8	959,162	7.2	19.1	1,697,033	6.7	25.8	1,111,805	4.7	18.4	1,899,827	4.7
Region IVB	56.5	619,268	7.8	45.3	1,032,123	6.6	55.9	651,772	4.1	48.1	1,163,867	4.1
Region V	66.4	1,480,551	5.0	52.6	2,540,660	4.0	58.7	1,393,292	2.9	48.5	2,332,719	2.9
Region VI	57.0	1,531,637	4.4	44.5	2,773,352	3.6	49.7	1,314,986	3.4	39.2	2,374,772	3.4
Region VII	44.0	1,082,718	7.0	36.2	2,016,910	5.5	36.1	908,504	4.9	28.3	1,652,316	4.9
Region VIII	56.1	951,679	7.7	45.1	1,649,582	5.8	52.2	967,101	3.7	43.0	1,619,731	3.7
Region IX	54.1	695,940	8.7	44.8	1,257,210	6.4	58.5	795,733	3.6	49.2	1,427,722	3.6
Region X	54.0	860,135	5.6	43.8	1,582,225	4.2	52.7	863,299	4.2	44.0	1,567,963	4.2
Region XI	40.5	659,075	9.4	33.3	1,231,277	8.1	42.7	737,496	4.9	34.7	1,346,269	4.9
Region XII	54.4	848,175	7.0	46.8	1,595,474	5.2	46.6	749,942	5.1	38.4	1,319,563	5.1
CAR	49.3	296,335	6.3	37.7	537,975	5.0	40.2	255,333	5.9	32.2	445,036	5.9
ARMM	68.6	913,911	5.9	60.0	1,652,890	3.7	60.9	716,061	4.2	52.8	1,373,620	4.2
Caraga	59.3	591,290	6.7	51.2	1,076,395	4.6	61.7	593,801	3.4	54.0	1,111,901	3.4

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

Source: NSCB

Table 2. Poverty Incidence for Children and All Population,
by Province: 2000

Province	Children		All population (Official)
Province	Poverty Incidence	Rank	Poverty Incidence	Rank
Maguindanao	81.7	1	59.3	2
Agusan del Sur	78.2	2	52.3	9
Sulu	78.2	3	58.9	3
Masbate	77.6	4	61.3	1
Saranggani	76.7	5	48.4	14
Sultan Kudarat	72.2	6	48.8	13
Western Samar	71.1	7	45.5	20
Mt. Province	69.1	8	48.4	15
Lanao del Sur	68.9	9	54.7	5
Zamboanga Norte	68.6	10	47.0	17
Oriental Mindoro	66.9	11	39.8	32
North Cotabato	66.8	12	41.6	24
Ifugao	66.5	13	55.7	4
Surigao Del Norte	65.7	14	42.6	23
Palawan	64.8	15	24.7	62
Negros Oriental	64.6	16	29.7	53
Occidental Mindoro	63.9	17	38.1	36
Northern Samar	63.5	18	39.8	31
Sorsogon	63.3	19	41.4	26
Surigao Del Sur	63.1	20	38.4	35
Romblon	62.4	21	52.2	10
Albay	62.4	22	40.3	30
Davao Oriental	61.6	23	33.7	42
Tawi-tawi	61.4	24	52.4	8
Antique	61.4	25	35.1	38
Kalinga	60.7	26	39.3	34
Camiguin	60.3	27	54.2	6
Lanao del Norte	59.0	28	49.3	12
Bohol	58.4	29	50.2	11
Basilan	58.0	30	31.5	47
Aklan	57.5	31	36.3	37
Camarines Sur	57.0	32	40.8	29
Apayao	56.8	33	26.5	59
Marinduque	56.1	34	42.7	22
Bukidnon	55.9	35	33.4	43
Negros Occidental	55.6	36	41.6	25
Catanduanes	55.3	37	43.9	21
Biliran	55.1	38	33.3	44
Guimaras	55.0	39	22.6	64
Capiz	54.7	40	40.8	28
Agusan del Norte	52.5	41	40.9	27
Camarines Norte	52.2	42	52.7	7
Abra	52.1	43	47.6	16
Iloilo	51.9	44	29.7	52
Eastern Samar	51.9	45	45.9	19
Zamboanga Sur	51.7	46	34.9	40
Quezon	49.6	47	32.9	46
Misamis Occidental	49.3	48	46.8	18
Leyte	48.8	49	34.9	39
Aurora	48.3	50	26.9	58
Southern Leyte	43.8	51	26.3	60
Nueva Ecija	43.8	52	27.6	57
Ilocos Sur	42.5	53	30.4	50
La Union	42.4	54	33.2	45
Isabela	41.8	55	30.2	51
Pangasinan	40.8	56	30.8	49
Cagayan	40.0	57	21.5	65
Misamis Oriental	39.9	58	29.3	54
Davao del Norte	39.2	59	39.5	33
Cebu	39.0	60	26.2	61
South Cotabato	38.5	61	34.7	41
Batangas	38.2	62	20.7	66
Quirino	38.1	63	31.4	48
Nueva Vizcaya	37.0	64	16.5	69
Siquijor	35.2	65	28.6	55
Ilocos Norte	33.4	66	18.2	68
Compostela Valley	32.4	67
Davao del Sur	29.9	68	18.3	67
Batanes	29.2	69	10.4	72
Benguet	28.7	70	13.9	71
Zambales	24.2	71	23.7	63
Tarlac	24.1	72	27.6	56
Pampanga	19.0	73	14.4	70
Bulacan	11.9	74	5.4	79
Bataan	11.5	75	9.9	74
Laguna	8.6	76	8.1	76
Cavite	8.3	77	10.2	73
1st District	8.2	78	5.8	77
Rizal	7.8	79	5.6	78
3rd District	4.6	80	9.4	75
4th District	2.8	81	4.9	80
2nd District	2.1	82	4.1	81

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

Notes:
1) Districts of NCR cover the following:

1st District - Manila
2nd District - Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, Quezon City, and San Juan
3rd District - Valenzuela, Caloocan City, Malabon, and Navotas
4th District - Las Piñas, Makati, Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Pasay City, Pateros, and Taguig

2) Estimates are based on the 2000 official poverty thresholds
3) Colors refer to the following:

	Priority provinces of CPC 6
	10 Poorest provinces among children and among all population
	Provinces ranked 11-20 based on poverty incidence among children and all population

Table 3. Poverty Incidence Among Children by Family Size
by Region, 2000

Region	Family Size
Region	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10 or more

PHILIPPINES	0.8	5.4	9.0	16.9	26.9	38.3	49.7	59.0	64.8	65.3

NCR	-	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.7	2.2	5.1	9.0	13.3	14.5
Region I	-	3.9	5.6	14.3	26.4	38.6	49.4	56.9	63.1	65.0
Region II	-	2.3	4.9	13.7	25.0	37.7	49.5	58.6	64.7	66.0
Region III	-	1.0	2.2	5.9	12.0	20.7	30.2	38.5	45.9	48.1
Region IV	0.7	5.1	7.0	12.2	19.7	29.7	40.1	48.8	56.9	58.6
Region V	-	8.0	14.7	30.2	45.6	59.0	69.6	77.2	82.4	83.1
Region VI	0.7	10.5	15.7	27.9	41.6	54.3	64.3	71.2	76.1	70.0
Region VII	-	4.4	10.1	20.4	32.9	45.4	56.7	64.8	70.8	71.7
Region VIII	-	6.1	13.8	26.8	40.3	52.9	63.9	71.7	75.7	75.5
Region IX	-	8.1	16.1	29.5	43.7	56.1	66.4	73.6	77.3	75.5
Region X	0.4	6.6	10.8	20.6	33.7	46.7	58.4	66.4	72.7	74.0
Region XI	4.7	7.4	12.9	20.6	29.7	38.8	48.2	56.0	60.9	63.1
Region XII	2.0	16.0	24.3	39.1	52.5	64.1	72.5	76.5	81.0	77.0
CAR	0.6	6.9	9.9	18.6	30.1	42.2	53.4	63.5	66.1	69.0
ARMM	-	8.4	22.9	44.4	62.0	73.9	80.4	82.1	85.5	81.2
Caraga	1.3	11.3	18.8	34.2	50.1	63.2	73.2	79.7	83.6	84.9

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

Source: NSCB

Table 4. Poverty Incidence Among Children by Sex
by Region, 2000

Region/Province	Poverty incidence		Percentage Point Diiference (A-B)
Region/Province	Boy (A)	Girl (B)	Percentage Point Diiference (A-B)
Philippines	41.5	40.6	0.9

NCR	3.9	3.7	0.2
Region I	40.7	40.1	0.6
Region II	40.8	39.7	1.0
Region III	22.9	22.2	0.6
Region IV	32.3	31.5	0.8
Region V	62.3	61.2	1.1
Region VI	55.6	54.4	1.2
Region VII	48.6	47.4	1.2
Region VIII	57.1	53.6	3.5
Region IX	57.6	56.2	1.5
Region X	49.3	47.9	1.3
Region XI	40.8	39.5	1.2
Region XII	63.6	62.2	1.3
CAR	47.6	46.5	1.0
ARMM	74.7	73.9	0.8
Caraga	65.9	64.6	1.3

Source: NSCB

Source: NSCB

Table 5. Child Development Index 1 (CDI 1),
by Region: 2000 and 2003

Region	Health Index (HI)				Education Index (EI)				Quantity of Life Index (QOLI)				Child Development Index 1 (CDI 1)
	Index		Rank		Index		Rank		Index		Rank		Index		Rank
	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	0.972	0.979			0.790	0.739			0.575	0.612			0.779	0.777

NCR	0.981	0.984	1.5	3.0	0.921	0.860	1	1	0.862	0.891	1	1	0.921	0.912	1	1
Region I	0.974	0.980	5.0	8.0	0.857	0.784	2	4	0.564	0.605	6	6	0.798	0.790	5	5
Region II	0.974	0.982	7.0	5.0	0.769	0.726	9	7	0.659	0.680	4	4	0.800	0.796	4	4
Region III	0.980	0.985	3.0	1.5	0.806	0.807	5	3	0.733	0.755	3	2	0.840	0.849	3	3
Region IVA	0.973	0.985	9.5	1.5	0.832	0.817	4	2	0.752	0.742	2	3	0.852	0.848	2	2
Region IVB	0.973	0.966	9.5	16.0	0.792	0.735	7	6	0.435	0.441	13	13	0.733	0.714	10	12
Region V	0.974	0.979	7.0	9.0	0.799	0.721	6	8	0.336	0.413	16	15	0.703	0.704	15	14
Region VI	0.979	0.975	4.0	14.0	0.840	0.703	3	10	0.430	0.503	14	10	0.750	0.727	8	10
Region VII	0.981	0.981	1.5	7.0	0.773	0.714	8	9	0.560	0.639	7	5	0.771	0.778	6	6
Region VIII	0.957	0.971	16.0	15.0	0.737	0.664	10	15	0.439	0.478	12	11	0.711	0.704	12	13
Region IX	0.962	0.978	13.5	10.0	0.713	0.670	14	14	0.459	0.415	10	14	0.711	0.688	13	15
Region X	0.967	0.976	12.0	12.5	0.721	0.702	13	11	0.460	0.473	9	12	0.716	0.717	11	11
Region XI	0.969	0.976	11.0	11.0	0.729	0.683	11	12	0.595	0.573	5	8	0.764	0.744	7	8
Region XII	0.962	0.982	13.5	6.0	0.691	0.673	16	13	0.456	0.534	11	9	0.703	0.730	14	9
CAR	0.974	0.983	7.0	4.0	0.721	0.744	12	5	0.507	0.598	8	7	0.734	0.775	9	7
ARMM	0.950	0.963	17.0	17.0	0.559	0.569	17	17	0.314	0.391	17	16	0.608	0.641	17	17
Caraga	0.958	0.976	15.0	12.5	0.695	0.639	15	16	0.407	0.383	15	17	0.687	0.666	16	16

Sources of data:
1. 1998 and 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO
2. Basic Education Information System, DepEd; NSCB

Table 6. Health Index 1 (HI 1) among Children,
by Region: 2000 and 2003

Region	Per 1000 live births																Health Index 1 (HI 1)
	Infant Mortality Rate (A) 1/		Child Mortality Rate (B) 2/		"Infant Survival" ( C ) = 1000-A						"Child Survival" ( D ) = 1000-B
					"Infant Survival" ( C ) = 1000-A						"Child Survival" ( D ) = 1000-B
					Rate		Index		Rank		Rate		Index		Rank		Index		Rank
	2000 3/	2003	2000 3/	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000 3/	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	36	30	20	12	964	970	0.964	0.970			980	988	0.980	0.988			0.972	0.979

NCR	24	24	15	8	976	976	0.976	0.976	1.5	2	985	992	0.985	0.992	4.5	3.5	0.981	0.984	1.5	3.0
Region I	42	29	10	11	958	971	0.958	0.971	11	10	990	989	0.990	0.989	1.5	8.5	0.974	0.980	5.0	8.0
Region II	37	28	16	8	963	972	0.963	0.972	8	8	984	992	0.984	0.992	6.5	3.5	0.974	0.982	7.0	5.0
Region III	29	25	11	6	971	975	0.971	0.975	4	3.5	989	994	0.989	0.994	3.0	1.5	0.980	0.985	3.0	1.5
Region IVA	35	25	19	6	965	975	0.965	0.975	6.5	3.5	981	994	0.981	0.994	8.5	1.5	0.973	0.985	9.5	1.5
Region IVB	35	44	19	25	965	956	0.965	0.956	6.5	17	981	975	0.981	0.975	8.5	16	0.973	0.966	9.5	16.0
Region V	31	28	22	15	969	972	0.969	0.972	5	8	978	985	0.978	0.985	11.0	12	0.974	0.979	7.0	9.0
Region VI	26	39	16	11	974	961	0.974	0.961	3	15	984	989	0.984	0.989	6.5	8.5	0.979	0.975	4.0	14.0
Region VII	24	28	15	11	976	972	0.976	0.972	1.5	8	985	989	0.985	0.989	4.5	8.5	0.981	0.981	1.5	7.0
Region VIII	61	36	26	22	939	964	0.939	0.964	17	12	974	978	0.974	0.978	13.0	15	0.957	0.971	16.0	15.0
Region IX	45	27	32	17	955	973	0.955	0.973	13	5.5	968	983	0.968	0.983	16.0	13	0.962	0.978	13.5	10.0
Region X	41	38	25	11	959	962	0.959	0.962	9.5	13.5	975	989	0.975	0.989	12.0	8.5	0.967	0.976	12.0	12.5
Region XI	41	38	21	10	959	962	0.959	0.962	9.5	13.5	979	990	0.979	0.990	10.0	5.5	0.969	0.976	11.0	11.0
Region XII	48	27	29	10	952	973	0.952	0.973	14	5.5	971	990	0.971	0.990	14.0	5.5	0.962	0.982	13.5	6.0
CAR	43	14	10	20	957	986	0.957	0.986	12	1	990	980	0.990	0.980	1.5	14	0.974	0.983	7.0	4.0
ARMM	55	41	45	33	945	959	0.945	0.959	16	16	955	967	0.955	0.967	17.0	17	0.950	0.963	17.0	17.0
Caraga	53	35	31	14	947	965	0.947	0.965	15	11	969	986	0.969	0.986	15.0	11	0.958	0.976	15.0	12.5

Sources of data: 1998 and 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO Basic Education Information System, DepEd NSCB

Notes:

1. Infant mortality rate - infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births
2. Child mortality rate - children 1-4 years of age per 1,000 live births
3. Used results of the 1998 NDHS

Table 7. Education Index among Children, by Region: 2000 and 2003

	Net Enrolment 1/				School Age Population 2/
	Elementary		Secondary

					7 to 12	6 to 11	13 to 16	12 to 15
	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	10,339,936	10,897,681	4,476,953	4,305,378	11,232,665	12,280,339	6,794,471	7,296,827

NCR	1,240,681	1,243,820	622,399	575,954	1,161,477	1,284,781	739,076	765,048
Region I	548,840	568,267	295,503	272,221	594,090	641,969	374,259	398,393
Region II	381,678	398,455	173,387	171,103	433,980	465,199	263,569	287,371
Region III	1,048,590	1,164,140	480,690	501,678	1,140,497	1,243,644	694,570	740,540
Region IVA	1,200,900	1,341,689	563,150	556,999	1,285,405	1,407,355	772,531	817,152
Region IVB	348,598	368,119	141,373	134,552	375,944	411,680	215,381	233,797
Region V	705,397	749,873	302,498	266,118	771,218	839,715	442,479	485,047
Region VI	862,762	840,833	440,801	357,187	936,172	1,010,037	581,322	623,116
Region VII	775,598	785,567	321,672	314,794	845,042	918,031	512,129	549,341
Region VIII	539,003	539,750	186,318	179,041	589,686	644,543	332,888	365,448
Region IX	389,926	428,022	144,965	142,415	448,886	504,556	259,791	289,240
Region X	499,423	523,243	178,414	190,336	554,269	601,975	330,217	356,447
Region XI	496,858	511,432	199,407	194,841	562,654	606,269	346,552	372,707
Region XII	405,168	457,595	167,260	178,249	496,714	563,691	294,984	333,939
CAR	182,913	198,710	72,481	82,904	206,732	222,788	130,230	139,000
ARMM	403,410	483,246	82,341	74,376	479,388	536,188	298,076	313,973
Caraga	310,191	294,920	104,294	112,610	350,511	377,918	206,421	226,268

	Net enrolment								Education Index (EI)
	Elementary				Secondary				Education Index (EI)
	Elementary				Secondary				Index		Rank
	Index		Rank		Index		Rank		Index		Rank
	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	0.921	0.887			0.659	0.590			0.790	0.739

NCR	1.000	0.968	1	1	0.842	0.753	1	1	0.921	0.860	1	1
Region I	0.924	0.885	4	8	0.790	0.683	2	2	0.857	0.784	2	4
Region II	0.879	0.857	14	10	0.658	0.595	7	6	0.769	0.726	9	7
Region III	0.919	0.936	6	3	0.692	0.677	5	4	0.806	0.807	5	3
Region IVA	0.934	0.953	2	2	0.729	0.682	4	3	0.832	0.817	4	2
Region IVB	0.927	0.894	3	5	0.656	0.576	8	7	0.792	0.735	7	6
Region V	0.915	0.893	8	6	0.684	0.549	6	10	0.799	0.721	6	8
Region VI	0.922	0.832	5	15	0.758	0.573	3	8.5	0.840	0.703	3	10
Region VII	0.918	0.856	7	11	0.628	0.573	9	8.5	0.773	0.714	8	9
Region VIII	0.914	0.837	9	14	0.560	0.490	12	16	0.737	0.664	10	15
Region IX	0.869	0.848	15	12	0.558	0.492	13	15	0.713	0.670	14	14
Region X	0.901	0.869	10	9	0.540	0.534	15	11.5	0.721	0.702	13	11
Region XI	0.883	0.844	13	13	0.575	0.523	10	13	0.729	0.683	11	12
Region XII	0.816	0.812	17	16	0.567	0.534	11	11.5	0.691	0.673	16	13
CAR	0.885	0.892	11.5	7	0.557	0.596	14	5	0.721	0.744	12	5
ARMM	0.842	0.901	16	4	0.276	0.237	17	17	0.559	0.569	17	17
Caraga	0.885	0.780	11.5	17	0.505	0.498	16	14	0.695	0.639	15	16

Sources of data: Basic Education Information System, DepEd

Notes:

1. Enrolment data for School Years 1999-2000 and 2003-2004 are used.
2. Based on the school age population adopted by DepEd for the school years of interest

Table 8. Quantity of Life Index among Children, by Region: 2000 and 2003

	Poverty Incidence among Children (A)		"Non-poverty incidence" among Children (B) = 100- A		Quantity of Life Index (QOLI)
	Poverty Incidence among Children (A)		"Non-poverty incidence" among Children (B) = 100- A		Index		Rank
	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	42.5	38.8	57.5	61.2	0.575	0.612

NCR	13.8	10.9	86.2	89.1	0.862	0.891	1	1
Region I	43.6	39.5	56.4	60.5	0.564	0.605	6	6
Region II	34.1	32.0	65.9	68.0	0.659	0.680	4	4
Region III	26.7	24.5	73.3	75.5	0.733	0.755	3	2
Region IVA	24.8	25.8	75.2	74.2	0.752	0.742	2	3
Region IVB	56.5	55.9	43.5	44.1	0.435	0.441	13	13
Region V	66.4	58.7	33.6	41.3	0.336	0.413	16	15
Region VI	57.0	49.7	43.0	50.3	0.430	0.503	14	10
Region VII	44.0	36.1	56.0	63.9	0.560	0.639	7	5
Region VIII	56.1	52.2	43.9	47.8	0.439	0.478	12	11
Region IX	54.1	58.5	45.9	41.5	0.459	0.415	10	14
Region X	54.0	52.7	46.0	47.3	0.460	0.473	9	12
Region XI	40.5	42.7	59.5	57.3	0.595	0.573	5	8
Region XII	54.4	46.6	45.6	53.4	0.456	0.534	11	9
CAR	49.3	40.2	50.7	59.8	0.507	0.598	8	7
ARMM	68.6	60.9	31.4	39.1	0.314	0.391	17	16
Caraga	59.3	61.7	40.7	38.3	0.407	0.383	15	17

Source of data: NSCB

Table 9. Comparison of CDI 1 and CDI 2, by Region: 2000 and 2003

Region	Child Development Index 1 (CDI 1)				Child Development Index 2 (CDI 2)				Differences
	Index		Rank		Index		Rank		Index		Rank
	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
	(A)	(B)	( C )	(D)	(E)	(F)	(G)	(H)	(I )= A - E	(J) = B - F	(K) = C - G	(L) = D - H
Philippines	0.779	0.777			0.743	0.737			0.036	0.040

NCR	0.921	0.912	1	1	0.888	0.876	1	1	0.033	0.036	0.0	0.0
Region I	0.798	0.790	5	5	0.763	0.761	5	4	0.035	0.029	0.0	1.0
Region II	0.800	0.796	4	4	0.772	0.755	4	5	0.029	0.041	0.0	-1.0
Region III	0.840	0.849	3	3	0.811	0.827	3	2	0.029	0.022	0.0	1.0
Region IVA	0.852	0.848	2	2	0.825	0.825	2	3	0.027	0.023	0.0	-1.0
Region IVB	0.733	0.714	10	12	0.706	0.684	8	9	0.027	0.029	2.0	3.5
Region V	0.703	0.704	15	14	0.665	0.668	14	11	0.038	0.036	1.0	3.0
Region VI	0.750	0.727	8	10	0.697	0.669	10	13	0.053	0.058	-1.5	-2.5
Region VII	0.771	0.778	6	6	0.728	0.728	6	6	0.044	0.050	0.0	0.0
Region VIII	0.711	0.704	12	13	0.674	0.658	12	14	0.037	0.046	0.0	-1.0
Region IX	0.711	0.688	13	15	0.675	0.643	13	15	0.036	0.045	0.0	0.0
Region X	0.716	0.717	11	11	0.680	0.685	11	9	0.036	0.031	0.0	2.5
Region XI	0.764	0.744	7	8	0.724	0.673	7	10	0.040	0.071	0.0	-2.0
Region XII	0.703	0.730	14	9	0.656	0.668	15	13	0.047	0.062	-1.0	-3.5
CAR	0.734	0.775	9	7	0.690	0.712	10	7	0.043	0.063	-0.5	0.0
ARMM	0.608	0.641	17	17	0.582	0.597	17	17	0.026	0.044	0.0	0.0
Caraga	0.687	0.666	16	16	0.645	0.620	16	16	0.041	0.046	0.0	0.0

Source: NSCB

Where:

CDI 1 - using conventional approach
Indicators used:

Health index - "Infant Survival Rate"
- "Child Survival Rate"
Education Index - Combined Elementary and Secondary Net Enrolment Rate
Income Index - "Non-poverty incidence" among Children

CDI 2 - added rights-based indicators in the computation of health index
Rights-based indicators used:

Rights-Based Index - Percentage of Fully Immunized Children 9-11 months
- Percentage of Pregnant Women with 3 or More Prenatal Visits

Table 10. Health Index (with rights-based indicators) among Children, by Region:
2000 and 2003

Region	Per 1000 live births
	Infant Mortality Rate (A) 1/		Child Mortality Rate (B) 2/		Infant Survival Rate" ( C ) = 1000-A						Child Survival Rate" ( D ) = 1000-B
	Infant Mortality Rate (A) 1/		Child Mortality Rate (B) 2/		Rate		Index		Rank		Rate		Index		Rank
	20003/	2003	20003/	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	36	30	20	12	964	970	0.964	0.970			980	988	0.980	0.988

NCR	24	24	15	8	976	976	0.976	0.976	1.5	2	985	992	0.985	0.992	4.5	3.5
Region I	42	29	10	11	958	971	0.958	0.971	11	10	990	989	0.990	0.989	1.5	8.5
Region II	37	28	16	8	963	972	0.963	0.972	8	8	984	992	0.984	0.992	6.5	3.5
Region III	29	25	11	6	971	975	0.971	0.975	4	3.5	989	994	0.989	0.994	3	1.5
Region IVA	35	25	19	6	965	975	0.965	0.975	6.5	3.5	981	994	0.981	0.994	8.5	1.5
Region IVB	35	44	19	25	965	956	0.965	0.956	6.5	17	981	975	0.981	0.975	8.5	16
Region V	31	28	22	15	969	972	0.969	0.972	5	8	978	985	0.978	0.985	11	12
Region VI	26	39	16	11	974	961	0.974	0.961	3	15	984	989	0.984	0.989	6.5	8.5
Region VII	24	28	15	11	976	972	0.976	0.972	1.5	8	985	989	0.985	0.989	4.5	8.5
Region VIII	61	36	26	22	939	964	0.939	0.964	17	12	974	978	0.974	0.978	13	15
Region IX	45	27	32	17	955	973	0.955	0.973	13	5.5	968	983	0.968	0.983	16	13
Region X	41	38	25	11	959	962	0.959	0.962	9.5	13.5	975	989	0.975	0.989	12	8.5
Region XI	41	38	21	10	959	962	0.959	0.962	9.5	13.5	979	990	0.979	0.990	10	5.5
Region XII	48	27	29	10	952	973	0.952	0.973	14	5.5	971	990	0.971	0.990	14	5.5
CAR	43	14	10	20	957	986	0.957	0.986	12	1	990	980	0.990	0.980	1.5	14
ARMM	55	41	45	33	945	959	0.945	0.959	16	16	955	967	0.955	0.967	17	17
Caraga	53	35	31	14	947	965	0.947	0.965	15	11	969	986	0.969	0.986	15	11

Region	Rights-Based
	Fully Immunized Children 9-11 months (Levels) 4/		Eligible Population		Fully Immunized Children 9-11 months (Percent)						Pregnant Women with 3 or More Prenatal Visits (Levels) 5/		Eligible Population TP * 3.5%		Pregnant Women with 3 or More Prenatal Visits (Percent)
	Fully Immunized Children 9-11 months (Levels) 4/		Eligible Population		Rate		Index		Rank				Eligible Population TP * 3.5%		Rate		Index		Rank
	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	1,980,140	2,035,145	2,290,443	2,432,444	86.5	83.7	0.865	0.837			1,732,561	1,824,761	2,672,185	2,837,851	64.8	64.3	0.648	0.643

NCR	304,988	291,274	312,092	327,451	97.7	89.0	0.977	0.890	1	3	212,998	247,222	364,108	382,026	58.5	64.7	0.585	0.647	15	7
Region I	98,343	108,003	124,401	130,602	79.1	82.7	0.791	0.827	16	7	107,126	119,404	145,134	152,369	73.8	78.4	0.738	0.784	3	2
Region II	70,490	72,530	83,976	88,873	83.9	81.6	0.839	0.816	9	8	74,593	67,941	97,972	103,685	76.1	65.5	0.761	0.655	1	6
Region III	198,316	213,578	230,921	250,254	85.9	85.3	0.859	0.853	6	5	202,514	247,970	269,407	291,963	75.2	84.9	0.752	0.849	2	1
Region IVA	316,800	280,040	339,739	290,083	93.2	96.5	0.932	0.965	2.5	1	274,326	245,218	396,362	338,430	69.2	72.5	0.692	0.725	5.5	3
Region IVB	316,800	65,773	339,739	71,789	93.2	91.6	0.932	0.916	2.5	2	274,326	55,433	396,362	83,754	69.2	66.2	0.692	0.662	5.5	5
Region V	124,226	132,501	142,652	149,955	87.1	88.4	0.871	0.884	4	4	102,577	112,390	166,428	174,948	61.6	64.2	0.616	0.642	11	8
Region VI	148,012	150,116	189,860	199,966	78.0	75.1	0.780	0.751	17	15	120,068	116,241	221,503	233,294	54.2	49.8	0.542	0.498	17	15
Region VII	140,512	141,689	166,326	175,903	84.5	80.5	0.845	0.805	8	10	115,079	114,788	194,047	205,221	59.3	55.9	0.593	0.559	13	13
Region VIII	93,154	90,951	112,387	119,415	82.9	76.2	0.829	0.762	10.5	14	84,520	87,283	131,118	139,317	64.5	62.7	0.645	0.627	9	10
Region IX	76,522	72,503	94,618	93,462	80.9	77.6	0.809	0.776	14	11	75,514	69,418	110,387	109,039	68.4	63.7	0.684	0.637	7	9
Region X	70,677	97,695	83,249	114,624	84.9	85.2	0.849	0.852	7	6	64,000	96,476	97,124	133,728	65.9	72.1	0.659	0.721	8	4
Region XI	128,622	84,349	157,140	117,991	81.9	71.5	0.819	0.715	13	16	116,693	52,588	183,330	137,656	63.7	38.2	0.637	0.382	10	17
Region XII	63,524	81,855	79,835	106,836	79.6	76.6	0.796	0.766	15	13	52,660	56,539	93,141	124,642	56.5	45.4	0.565	0.454	16	16
CAR	34,746	30,761	42,107	44,937	82.5	68.5	0.825	0.685	12	17	29,526	27,624	49,125	52,427	60.1	52.7	0.601	0.527	12	14
ARMM	56,855	64,425	65,608	83,084	86.7	77.5	0.867	0.775	5	12	55,288	60,303	76,543	96,932	72.2	62.2	0.722	0.622	4	11
Caraga	54,353	57,102	65,531	70,231	82.9	81.3	0.829	0.813	10.5	9	45,079	47,923	76,453	81,936	59.0	58.5	0.590	0.585	14	12

Region	Health Index 2 (HI 2)
	Health Index 2 (HI 2)
	Index		Rank
	2000	2003	2000	2003
Philippines	0.864	0.859

NCR	0.881	0.876	5	6
Region I	0.869	0.893	7	3
Region II	0.887	0.859	4	8
Region III	0.893	0.918	2	1
Region IVA	0.893	0.915	2	2
Region IVB	0.893	0.877	2	5
Region V	0.859	0.871	9	7
Region VI	0.820	0.800	17	14
Region VII	0.850	0.831	11	12.5
Region VIII	0.847	0.833	13	11
Region IX	0.854	0.842	10	9
Region X	0.860	0.881	8	4
Region XI	0.848	0.762	12	17
Region XII	0.821	0.796	16	15
CAR	0.843	0.794	14	16
ARMM	0.872	0.831	6	12.5
Caraga	0.834	0.837	15	10

Source of data: Field Health Service Information System, DOH
1998 and 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO

Notes:

1. Infant mortality rate - infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births
2. Child mortality rate - children 1-4 years of age per 1,000 live births
3. Used results of the 1998 NDHS
4. Fully Immunized Children (9-11 mos.) - refers to children from 9 to 11 months old who have been given BCG, 3 doses of DPT and OPV and measles vaccine. The child is counted FIC as soon as all the required vaccines are administered without waiting for the child to reach 1 year of age.
5. Pregnant women with 3 or more pre-natal visits - refers to pregnant women who had three or more prenatal visits such that at last one visit occurs during the first trimester, one during the second trimester and at least one during the last trimester.

Table 11. National Achievement Test (NAT) Results for SY 2006-2007

Elementary (Grade VI)				Secondary (Second Year)
Region	Division	Mean Percentage Score	Rank	Region	Division	Mean Percentage Score	Rank
NCR	Caloocan City	59.78	88	NCR	Caloocan City	40.37	154
	Manila	57.98	101		Manila	44.44	105
	Pasay City	59.00	95		Pasay City	41.28	138
	Quezon City	52.52	146		Quezon City	40.22	157
	Makati City	68.19	37		Makati City	49.89	49
	Mandaluyong City	62.03	71		Mandaluyong City	43.42	115
	Muntinlupa City	60.02	87		Muntinlupa City	46.04	84
	Paranaque City	53.02	144		Paranaque City	45.01	99
	Pasig City and San Juan	55.11	130		Pasig City and San Juan	42.97	121
	Malabon & Navotas	56.68	119		Malabon & Navotas	40.96	146
	Taguig & Pateros	65.37	46		Taguig & Pateros	41.96	130
	Las Piñas City	64.12	55		Las Piñas City	48.86	59
	Marikina City	67.10	41		Marikina City	44.74	104
	Valenzuela City	61.60	77		Valenzuela City	46.31	81
CAR	Abra	55.03	131	CAR	Abra	43.79	112
	Baguio City	60.74	81		Baguio City	49.37	54
	Benguet	60.55	83		Benguet	48.05	67
	Ifugao	63.43	59		Ifugao	46.63	80
	Kalinga	56.96	115		Kalinga	41.79	132
	Mt. Province	57.15	114		Mt. Province	42.72	124
	Apayao	51.41	156		Apayao	44.39	107
I	Dagupan City	71.17	23	I	Dagupan City	63.48	9
	Ilocos Norte	64.45	53		Ilocos Norte	55.18	29
	Ilocos Sur	60.68	82		Ilocos Sur	55.34	28
	Laoag City	74.35	14		Laoag City	45.27	93
	La Union	61.76	74		La Union	52.54	36
	Pangasinan I, Lingayen	61.63	76		Pangasinan I, Lingayen	51.75	37
	Pangasinan II, Binalonan	70.63	28		Pangasinan II, Binalonan	51.38	40
	San Carlos City	60.44	84		San Carlos City	39.10	173
	Urdaneta City	48.01	169		Urdaneta City	41.46	136
	Candon City	44.48	182		Candon City	37.38	182
	Alaminos City	62.89	63		Alaminos City	60.74	15
	San Fernando City	64.63	52		San Fernando City	56.02	25
	Vigan City	56.75	116		Vigan City	37.45	181
II	Batanes	58.74	97	II	Batanes	48.68	61
	Cagayan	59.19	94		Cagayan	45.11	96
	Isabela	48.63	165		Isabela	43.24	118
	Nueva Vizcaya	54.89	133		Nueva Vizcaya	41.48	135
	Quirino	57.37	109		Quirino	43.17	119
	Tuguegarao City	69.35	34		Tuguegarao City	44.40	106
	Cauayan City	57.95	104		Cauayan City	39.85	162
III	Angeles City	53.60	140	III	Angeles City	41.45	137
	Bataan	74.60	13		Bataan	49.98	45
	Bulacan	65.27	47		Bulacan	44.10	109
	Cabanatuan City	67.01	42		Cabanatuan City	56.75	22
	Nueva Ecija	61.43	78		Nueva Ecija	49.96	46
	Olongapo City	61.01	80		Olongapo City	39.36	171
	Pampanga	61.69	75		Pampanga	49.70	52
	Tarlac	63.24	61		Tarlac	48.44	65
	Zambales	54.65	135		Zambales	41.12	142
	Aurora	57.57	108		Aurora	46.21	83
	San Jose del Monte City	59.36	92		San Jose del Monte City	40.40	153
	San Fernando City	54.19	136		San Fernando City	46.93	77
	Tarlac City	60.17	86		Tarlac City	46.26	82
	Gapan City	66.47	43		Gapan City	59.25	21
	Balanga City	77.67	5		Balanga City	47.61	70
	Munoz Science City	67.64	40		Munoz Science City	51.50	39
	Malolos City	72.71	18		Malolos City	49.83	50
IVA	Antipolo City	53.97	137	IVA	Antipolo City	41.55	134
	Batangas	79.45	3		Batangas	60.71	16
	Batangas City	63.61	58		Batangas City	42.19	129
	Cavite	71.63	21		Cavite	45.70	89
	Cavite City	67.75	39		Cavite City	41.16	140
	Laguna	57.66	107		Laguna	42.86	123
	Lipa City	73.55	16		Lipa City	54.13	31
	Lucena City	64.66	51		Lucena City	38.29	178
	Quezon	51.48	154		Quezon	43.34	117
	Rizal	62.38	67		Rizal	43.79	112
	San Pablo City	61.77	73		San Pablo City	44.99	101
	Calamba City	51.87	150		Calamba City	40.32	155
	Tanauan City	71.15	24		Tanauan City	49.41	53
	Sta. Rosa City	55.51	128		Sta. Rosa City	42.34	127
IVB	Marinduque	70.55	29	IVB	Marinduque	55.67	27
	Occidental Mindoro	60.44	84		Occidental Mindoro	41.08	143
	Oriental Mindoro	71.29	22		Oriental Mindoro	45.90	87
	Palawan	55.48	129		Palawan	45.03	98
	Romblon	77.57	6		Romblon	54.25	30
	Puerto Princesa City	57.77	105		Puerto Princesa City	44.23	108
	Calapan City	76.59	9		Calapan City	48.65	62
V	Albay	53.12	142	V	Albay	40.15	159
	Camarines Norte	57.68	106		Camarines Norte	40.57	150
	Camarines Sur	52.23	148		Camarines Sur	38.77	174
	Catanduanes	63.00	62		Catanduanes	49.01	56
	Iriga City	73.56	15		Iriga City	46.03	85
	Legaspi City	50.78	158		Legaspi City	40.62	149
	Masbate	49.56	163		Masbate	38.69	175
	Naga City	52.34	147		Naga City	45.94	86
	Sorsogon	57.34	111		Sorsogon	45.10	97
	Sorsogon City	53.07	143		Sorsogon City	44.99	101
	Tabaco City	50.12	161		Tabaco City	40.77	147
	Ligao City	47.23	173		Ligao City	41.18	139
	Masbate City	50.45	159		Masbate City	50.88	43
VI	Aklan	59.49	91	VI	Aklan	51.58	38
	Antique	55.69	126		Antique	50.90	42
	Bacolod City	51.58	153		Bacolod City	40.72	148
	Bago City	51.42	155		Bago City	42.33	128
	Cadiz City	44.15	183		Cadiz City	37.86	179
	Capiz	61.05	79		Capiz	47.06	75
	Guimaras	68.37	36		Guimaras	49.93	47
	Iloilo City	64.79	50		Iloilo City	42.52	125
	Iloilo	62.11	69		Iloilo	47.56	71
	La Carlota City	56.73	117		La Carlota City	43.82	110
	Negros Occidental	48.57	166		Negros Occidental	39.26	172
	Roxas City	53.63	139		Roxas City	39.95	161
	San Carlos City	51.65	152		San Carlos City	39.46	169
	Silay City	43.86	184		Silay City	39.51	167
	Sagay City	46.35	176		Sagay City	41.79	132
	Kabankalan City	45.72	179		Kabankalan City	42.90	122
	Passi City	48.57	166		Passi City	40.04	160
VII	Bohol	62.07	70	VII	Bohol	49.33	55
	Cebu	57.29	112		Cebu	47.06	75
	Cebu City	53.19	141		Cebu City	45.37	92
	Dumaguete City	62.70	64		Dumaguete City	46.66	78
	Lapu-Lapu City	50.04	162		Lapu-Lapu City	40.54	151
	Mandaue City	63.40	60		Mandaue City	47.12	73
	Negros Oriental	56.72	118		Negros Oriental	41.04	144
	Siquijor	56.65	121		Siquijor	49.82	51
	Toledo City	65.00	49		Toledo City	60.85	14
	Tanjay City	62.50	66		Tanjay City	61.66	12
	Tagbilaran City	64.14	54		Tagbilaran City	53.07	34
	Talisay City	52.67	145		Talisay City	43.13	120
	Danao City	56.68	119		Danao City	45.13	95
	Bayawan City	62.03	71		Bayawan City	48.96	57
	Bais City	58.66	98		Bais City	55.74	26
VIII	Biliran	74.92	12	VIII	Biliran	59.32	19
	Calbayog City	70.38	30		Calbayog City	69.65	7
	Eastern Samar	76.75	8		Eastern Samar	77.57	1
	Leyte	70.13	32		Leyte	56.68	23
	Northern Samar	66.12	44		Northern Samar	69.92	6
	Ormoc City	79.61	2		Ormoc City	47.52	72
	Samar (Western Samar)	73.05	17		Samar (Western Samar)	72.10	4
	Southern Leyte	81.60	1		Southern Leyte	72.54	3
	Tacloban City	70.80	27		Tacloban City	50.91	41
	Maasin City	77.30	7		Maasin City	73.29	2
IX	Isabela City	63.80	57	IX	Isabela City	60.32	18
	Dapitan City	68.72	35		Dapitan City	53.17	33
	Dipolog City	70.15	31		Dipolog City	45.43	91
	Pagadian City	56.51	123		Pagadian City	48.94	58
	Zamboanga City	58.09	100		Zamboanga City	45.84	88
	Zamboanga del Norte	62.69	65		Zamboanga del Norte	48.79	60
	Zamboanga del Sur	57.98	101		Zamboanga del Sur	49.93	47
	Zamboanga Sibugay	56.54	122		Zamboanga Sibugay	39.71	163
X	Bukidnon	57.26	113	X	Bukidnon	53.48	32
	Cagayan de Oro City	46.23	177		Cagayan de Oro City	35.93	184
	Camiguin	58.47	99		Camiguin	39.60	165
	Gingoog City	65.94	45		Gingoog City	45.20	94
	Misamis Occidental	52.05	149		Misamis Occidental	48.17	66
	Misamis Oriental	50.43	160		Misamis Oriental	40.26	156
	Ozamis City	62.34	68		Ozamis City	41.92	131
	Lanao del Norte	54.74	134		Lanao del Norte	38.30	177
	Iligan City	46.98	174		Iligan City	40.17	158
	Tangub City	65.25	48		Tangub City	56.49	24
	Oroquieta City	56.32	124		Oroquieta City	45.59	90
	Valencia City	57.36	110		Valencia City	43.38	116
XI	Davao City	51.67	151	XI	Davao City	40.43	152
	Digos City	79.38	4		Digos City	50.23	44
	Davao del Norte	59.73	89		Davao del Norte	39.56	166
	Davao Oriental	50.98	157		Davao Oriental	42.51	126
	Davao del Sur	63.94	56		Davao del Sur	52.81	35
	Panabo City	49.31	164		Panabo City	39.38	170
	Tagum City	58.82	96		Tagum City	47.08	74
	Compostela Valley	59.52	90		Compostela Valley	46.65	79
	Island Garden City of Samal	55.83	125		Island Garden City of Samal	41.16	140
XII	Cotabato City	47.79	170	XII	Cotabato City	35.20	185
	General Santos City	55.58	127		General Santos City	39.50	168
	Sarangani	46.40	175		Sarangani	34.87	186
	Koronadal City	45.24	180		Koronadal City	36.83	183
	North Cotabato	57.98	101		North Cotabato	41.01	145
	Sultan Kudarat	48.30	168		Sultan Kudarat	47.98	68
	Kidapawan City	53.66	138		Kidapawan City	43.51	114
	South Cotabato	59.24	93		South Cotabato	45.01	99
	Tacurong City	47.66	171		Tacurong City	38.36	176
Caraga	Agusan del Norte	75.09	11	Caraga	Agusan del Norte	70.68	5
	Agusan del Sur	70.85	26		Agusan del Sur	63.02	11
	Butuan City	72.50	19		Butuan City	63.06	10
	Siargao	76.08	10		Siargao	61.29	13
	Surigao City	71.69	20		Surigao City	59.26	20
	Surigao del Norte	69.98	33		Surigao del Norte	65.51	8
	Surigao del Sur	71.13	25		Surigao del Sur	60.52	17
	Bislig City	68.16	38		Bislig City	47.74	69
ARMM	Sulu	38.34	186	ARMM	Sulu I	29.54	188
	Lanao del Sur I	47.43	172		Tawi-Tawi	37.47	180
	Lanao del Sur II	44.72	181		Lanao del Sur I	48.48	63
	Maguindanao	39.34	185		Lanao del Sur II	44.80	103
	Basilan	45.73	178		Maguindanao	43.80	111
	Marawi City	54.91	132		Basilan	39.68	164
					Marawi City	31.43	187
					Sulu II	48.45	64

Source: National Education Testing and Research Center (NETRC), Department of Education